Dr HUI Chi Kwong, Lucas

Current Research Interest

• Information Security
• Computer Crime
• Cryptographic Algorithms and Software
• Electronic Commerce Security

Selected Research Projects/Grants

• Design of Cryptographic Schemes for Delegation Network (2006 - 2008)
Amount : $356,000 (Hong Kong dollar)
Funding source : Hong Kong Research Grant Council (RGC).
• Forward Secure Cryptographic Schemes for Ad Hoc Network (2005 - 2007)
Amount : $666,036 (Hong Kong dollar)
Funding source : Hong Kong Research Grant Council (RGC).
• Authentication for Surveillance System (2004 - 2005)
Amount : $3,123,000 (Hong Kong dollar)
Funding source : Innovation and Technology Fund, University-Industry Collaboration Programme, Innovation and Technology Commission, The Government of HKSAR, and MultiVision Intelligent Servillance (Hong Kong) Limited.
• Study of Multi-signer Signature Scheme and Identity Authentication (2003 - 2005)
Amount : $377,149 (Hong Kong dollar)
Funding source : Hong Kong Research Grant Council (RGC).
• Development of Digital Evidence Search Kit (2003 - 2004)
Amount : $420,000 (Hong Kong dollar)
Funding source : Applied Research Seed Funding, University of Hong Kong.
• Secure Preservation of Electronic Documents (2002 - 2005)
Amount : $7,278,000 (Hong Kong dollar)
Funding source : Innovation and Technology Fund, Innovation and Technology Commission, The Government of HKSAR, and various sponsors.
• Vulnerability Analysis Tools for Cryptographic Keys (2001 - 2002)
Amount : $1,996,000 (Hong Kong dollar)
Funding source : Innovation and Technology Fund, Innovation and Technology Commission, The Government of HKSAR, and various sponsors.
• Strong Cryptographic Infrastructure for Electronic Commerce (1998 - 2001)
Amount : $7,790,000 (Hong Kong dollar)
Funding source : Industrial Support Fund, Industry Department, HKSAR, and various sponsors.
• On the Theory and Practice of digital Signatures in Workflow (2000 - 2002)
Amount : $437,817 (Hong Kong dollar)
Funding source : Hong Kong Research Grant Council (RGC).

Recent Publications

• Y. Dong, Victor O.K. Li, Lucas C.K. Hui, and S.M. Yiu.
  Dynamic Distributed Certificate Authority Ser-vices for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, to appear in IEEE Wireless Communications & Networking Conference 2007 (WCNC 2007).
• Richard W.C. Lui, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu.
  Delegation with Supervision, to appear in Information Sciences, 2006/07.
• Eric K. Wang, J.C.K. Yau, L.C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, Z.L. Jiang
  A Key-Recovery System for Long-Term Encrypted Documents, to appear in The Tenth IEEE International EDOC Conference (EDOC 2006) Workshops, October 16-20, 2006, Hong Kong SAR, China.
• Eric K. Wang, S.M. Yiu, L.C.K. Hui
  DGPB: A Distributed Group Key Agreement Scheme for Partition Based Wireless Ad Hoc Network, in Proceedings of ChinaCrypt 2006, p.225-233, October 13-15, 2006, Jinan, Shandong, PRC.
• Pierre K.Y. Lai, S.M. Yiu, K.P. Chow, C.F. Chong, Lucas C.K. Hui
  An Efficient Bloom Filter Based Solution for Multiparty Private Matching, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Security and Management (SAM'06), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, June 2006.
• Z.C. Li, C.F. Chong, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, K.P. Chow, W.W. Tsang, H.W. Chan, and K.H. Pun.
  An Attack on Libert et al.'s ID-Based Undeniable Signature Scheme, to appear in International Journal of Network Security, 2006.
• E.Y.K. Chan, H.W. Chan, K.M. Chan, P.S. Chan, S.T. Chanson, M.H. Cheung, C.F. Chong, K.P. Chow, A.K.T. Hui, L.C.K. Hui, S.K. Ip, C.K. Lam, W.C. Lau, K.H. Pun, Y.F. Tsang, W.W. Tsang, C.W. Tso, D.Y. Yeung, S.M. Yiu, K.Y. Yu, W. Ju.
  Intrusion Detection Routers: Design, Implementation and Evaluation Using an Experimental Test-bed, to appear in The IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, special issue on High-speed Network Security, 2006.
• K.P. Chow, C.F. Chong, K.Y. Lai, L.C.K. Hui, K.H. Pun, W.W. Tsang, H.W. Chan.
  Digital Evidence Search Kit, in Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Systematic Approaches to Digital Forensic Engineering (SADFE 2005), Taipei, Taiwan, November 7-10, 2005, pp. 187-194. IEEE Computer Society Press.
• Richard W.C. Lui, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu.
  Accountability in Organizations, to appear in the International Journal of Information and Computer Security special issue on Systems Assurance, 2006.
• Richard W.C. Lui, Sherman S.M. Chow, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, Bruce S.N. Cheung.
  Decryption Delegation Infrastructure, in Advances in Computational Intelligence and Security: Proceedings of The Workshop of the 2005 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security, Xi'an, China, December 2005. Editors: Yuping. Wang, Yiu-ming Cheung, Hailin Liu, pp.93-98.
• Ricky W.M. Tang, S.M. Yiu, Bruce Cheung, Lucas C.K. Hui, Joe C.K. Yau.
  Solving Dilemmas in Information Security Policy, in Advances in Computational Intelligence and Security: Proceedings of The Workshop of the 2005 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security, Xi'an, China, December 2005. Editors: Yuping. Wang, Yiu-ming Cheung, Hailin Liu, pp.155-160.
• Joe C. K. Yau, Lucas C. K. Hui, S. M. Yiu, Bruce S. N. Cheung.
  Towards a Secure Copyright Protection Infrastructure for e-Education Material: Principles Learned from Experience, International Journal of Network Security, Vol.2, No.1, pp. 21-28, Jan 2006.
• S.S.M. Chow, R.W.C. Lui, L.C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu.
  Identity Based Delegation Network, in Proceedings of The International Conference on Cryptology in Malaysia (MyCrypt 2005), 28-29 September 2005. Editors: E. Dawson and S. Vaudenay, Springer-Verlag LNCS Volume 3715, pp.99-115, 2005.
• Richard W.C. Lui, S.M. Yiu and Lucas C.K. Hui.
  Efficient Authorization for Delegation Chains with Strong Non-Repudiation, in Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop for Applied PKI (IWAP'05), Singapore, September 21-23, 2005. J. Zhou et al. (Eds.), pp. 66-77, IOS Press, 2005.
• Y. Dong, H. W. Go, A. F. Sui, Victor O. K. Li, Lucas C. K. Hui, S. M. Yiu.
  Providing Distributed Certificate Authority Service in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, to appear in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Security and Privacy for Emerging Areas in Communication Networks (SecureComm 2005). (acceptance rate: 32 out of 163)
• Sherman S.M. Chow, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, and K.P. Chow.
  Practical Electronic Lotteries with Offline TTP, to appear in Journal of Computer Communications, special issue for Internet Communications Security, 2005.
• Sherman S.M. Chow, S.M. Yiu, and Lucas C.K. Hui.
  Efficient Identity Based Ring Signature, In Applied Cryptography and Network Security, Third International Conference, ACNS 2005, New York, USA, June 7-10, 2005, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 3531, pp.499-512, Springer-Verlag, 2005. Full version at Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2004/327.
• Richard W.C. Lui , Sherman S.M. Chow , Lucas C.K. Hui, and S.M. Yiu.
  Role Activation Management in Role Based Access Control, in Information Security and Privacy: 10th Australasian Conference, ACISP 2005, Brisbane, Australia, July 4-6, 2005. Proceedings Editors: Colin Boyd, Juan M. Gonzalez Nieto, LNCS volume 3574, Springer-Verlag, pp.358-369, 2005.
• Sherman S.M. Chow, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, and K.P. Chow.
  Two Improved Partially Blind Signature Schemes from Bilinear Pairings, In Information Security and Privacy: Tenth Australasian Conference, ACISP 2005, Brisbane, Australia, July 4-6, 2005. (Acceptance Rate = 45/185 = 24.3%) Proceedings Editors: Colin Boyd, Juan M. Gonzalez Nieto, LNCS volume 3574, Springer-Verlag, pp. 316-328, 2005. Full version at Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2004/108.
• Y. Woo, L.C.K. Hui, K.P. Chow, and S.M. Yiu.
  Dynamic Integrity Verification for Software Self-defense, in Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Security and Management, (SAM'05), pp. 327-333, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, June 20-23, 2005.
• Richard W.C. Lui, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, and Y. Woo.
  A model to support fine-grained delegation of authorization, in Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Security and Management, (SAM'05), pp. 208-212, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, June 20-23, 2005.
• Richard W.C. Lui, Lucas C.K. Hui and S.M. Yiu.
  Secure Role Activation and Authorization in the Enterprise Environment, in Proceedings of the Second European PKI Workshop (EUROPKI 2005), The University of Kent, England, 30 June - 1 July 2005. Editors: D. Chadwick and G. Zhao, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3545, Springer-Verlag, 2005.
• Sherman S.M. Chow, Richard W.C. Lui, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu.
  Identity Based Ring Signature: Why, How and What Next, in Proceedings of the Second European PKI Workshop (EUROPKI 2005), The University of Kent, England, 30 June - 1 July 2005. Editors: D. Chadwick and G. Zhao, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3545, pp.144-161, Springer-Verlag, 2005.
• Richard W.C. Lui, Sherman S.M. Chow, Lucas C.K. Hui and S.M. Yiu,
  Efficient Authorization In Delegation With Supervision, in Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Security in Networks and Distributed Systems (SNDS2005), pp. 240-244, in conjunction with the 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS-2005), Fukuoka, Japan, July 20-22, 2005. IEEE Computer Society Press. (Best Paper Award)
• A.-f. Sui, S.S.M. Chow, L.C.K.Hui, S.M.Yiu, K.P.Chow, W.W. Tsang, C.F. Chong, K.H. Pun, H.W. Chan.
  Separable and Anonymous Identity-Based Key Issuing, in Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Security in Networks and Distributed Systems (SNDS2005), pp. 275-279, in conjunction with the 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS-2005), Fukuoka, Japan, July 20-22, 2005. IEEE Computer Society Press.
• Sherman S.M. Chow, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, and K.P. Chow.
  An e-Lottery Scheme using Verifiable Random Function, in Proceedings of Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA 2005) International Conference, Singapore, May 9-12, 2005, Part III, Internet Comunications Security (WICS) Workshop. Editors: Osvaldo Gervasi, Marina L. Gavrilova, Vipin Kumar, et al. Springer-Verlag LNCS Volume 3482, pp.651-660, 2005.
• Aifen Sui, Lucas C. K. Hui and K. P. Chow.
  Eliptic Curve Cryptography based Authenticated Key Agreement with Pre-shared Password, to appear in Journal of Electronics (China), 2005.
• Sherman S.M. Chow, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, and K.P. Chow.
  "Forward-Secure Multisignature and Blind Signature Schemes", Applied Mathematics and Computation, 168:895-908, 2005.
• Sherman S.M. Chow, Tsz Hon Yuen, Lucas C.K. Hui, and S.M. Yiu
  Signcryption in Hierarchical Identity Based Cryptosystem, to appear in Security and Privacy in the Age of Ubiquitous Computing, IFIP TC11 20th International Conference on Information Security (SEC 2005), May 30 - June 1, 2005, Chiba, Japan.
• Joe C.K. Yau, Lucas C.K. Hui, Bruce S.N. Cheung, S.M. Yiu, Y. Woo, K.W. Lau, Eric H.M. Li.
  Trustworthy Browsing - A Secure Web Accessing Model, in Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on E-Technology, E-Commerce and E-Service (EEE05), pp. 542-547, Hong Kong, 2005.
• A.F. Sui, L.C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, K.P. Chow, W.W. Tsang, C.F. Chong, K.H. Pun, H.W. Chan.
  An Improved Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol with Perfect Forward Secrecy for Wireless Mobile Communication, in IEEE Wireless Communications & Networking Conference 2005 (WCNC 2005).
• H.W.Go, P.Y.Chan, Y. Dong, A.F. Sui, S.M. Yiu, L.C.K. Hui, V. Li.
  Performance Evaluation on CRL Distribution using Flooding in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), in 43rd annual ACM Southeast Conference (ACMSE 2005), Kennesaw, GA, USA. March 18-20, 2005.
• K.H. Pun, Eric Chan, K.P. Chow, C.F. Chong, Jasmine Ma, Lucas Hui, W.W. Tsang, H.W. Chan,
  Cross-referencing for Bilingual Electronic Legal Documents, Sixth Conference of Law via the Internet, Paris, France, 3-5 November 2004; http://www.frlii.org/aritcle.php3?id_article=91.
• Sherman S.M. Chow, Lucas C.K. Hui, and S.M. Yiu. Identity Based Threshold Ring Signature, to appear in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology (ICISC 2004), Seoul, Korean. December 2-3, 2004.
• Sherman S.M. Chow, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, and K.P. Chow.
  Secure Hierarchical Identity Based Signature and Its Application, in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information and Communications Security (ICICS 2004), Malaga, Spain, October 27-29, 2004. Ed. by J. Lopez, S. Qing and E. Okamoto, pp. 480-494, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3269, Springer-Verlag.
• L. Hui, K.P. Chow, K.H. Pun, S.M. Yiu, W.W. Tsang, C.F.Chong, H.W. Chan.
  Risk Management of Corporate Confidential Information in Digital Form, (invited panel discussion paper), in Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC 2004), pp. 88-89, September 2004.
• Eric Y.K. Chan, H.W. Chan, K.M. Chan, Vivien P.S. Chan, Samuel T. Chanson, Matthew M.H. Cheung, C.F. Chong, K.P. Chow, Albert K.T. Hui, Lucas C.K. Hui, Luke C.K. Lam, W.C. Lau, Kevin K.H. Pun, Anthony Y.F. Tsang, W.W. Tsang, Sam C.W. Tso, Dit-Yan Yeung, K.Y. Yu.
  IDR: An Intrusion Detection Router for Defending against Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks, Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks, Hong Kong SAR, May 2004, 581-586
• Sherman S.M. Chow, H.W. Go, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, & K.P. Chow.
  Two Forward-Secure Threshold Signature Schemes, in The Second International Conference of Applied Cryptography and Network Security (ACNS 2004) Technical/Industrial Track, Yellow Mountain, China 2004, to appear in Journal of Information Security and Data Confidentiality.
• Sherman S.M. Chow, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, K.P. Chow, & Richard W.C. Lui.
  A Generic Anti-Spyware Solution by Access Control List at Kernel Level. to appear in Journal of Systems and Software, 2004.
• Sherman S.M. Chow, S.M. Yiu, Lucas C.K. Hui, & K.P. Chow.
  Efficient Forward and Provably Secure ID-Based Signcryption Scheme with Public Verifiability and Public Ciphertext Authenticity, in Jong In Lim and Dong Hoon Lee, editors, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology (ICISC 2003), Volume 2971 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 352-369, Seoul, Korea, 2004, Springer-Verlag.
• Venus L.S. Cheung, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu,
  The Delegation Problem and Practical PKI-based Solutions, in Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2004), pp. 73-78, Porto, Protugal, April 2004.
• Venus L.S. Cheung, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, K.P. Chow, K.H. Pun, W.W. Tsang, H.W. Chan, C.F. Chong,
  Delegation of Signing and Decryption Rights using PKI Proxy Memo in Proceedings of the IASTED Software Engineering Conference (SE2004), pp. 281-285, Innsbruck, Austria, February 2004.
• Richard W.C. Lui & Lucas C.K. Hui,
  A Model for Delegation of Accountability, in Proceedings of the IASTED Software Engineering Conference (SE2004), pp. 286-291, Innsbruck, Austria, February 2004.
• H.W. Go, Y. Dong, Lucas C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, Victor O.K. Li,
  Applying Forward Security and Threshold Cryptography in Ad Hoc Networks, to appear in Proceedings of The 2004 International Conference on Wireless Networks (ICWN'04), June 21-24, 2004, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
• Joe C.K. Yau, Lucas C.K. Hui, Bruce S.N. Cheung, S.M. Yiu, Joseph K.W. Lee, W.K. Yu, Eric H.M. Li,
  A Digital Rights Management System for e-Content. The University of Hong Kong Department of Computer Science and Information Systems Technical Report TR-2004-03
• B. Cheung, L. Hui, J. Zhang, & S.M. Yiu
  "SmartTutor: An Intelligent Tutoring System in Web-based Adult Education", Journal of Systems and Software, 68, 11-25, 2003.
• W.W. Tsang, L.C.K. Hui, K.P. Chow, C.F. Chong & C.W. Tso
  "Tuning the Collision Test for Power", Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Series, Vol. 26. No. 1, pp. 23-30, 2004. (Proceedings of the 27th Australasian Computer Science Conference, Dunedin, New Zealand, 18-22 January 2004).
• J. Yau, L. Hui, S.M. Yiu, & B. Cheung
  "eCX: a Secure Infrastructure for e-Course Delivery", Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 116-125, 2003.
• K.H. Pun, L. Hui, K.P. Chow, W.W. Tsang, C.F. Chong, & H.W. Chan
  "Review of the Electronic Transactions Ordinance: Can the Personal Identification Number Replace the Digital Signature? ", Hong Kong Law Journal, Vol. 32, Part 2, pp. 241-257, 2002.
• B. Cheung, L. Hui, S. Yiu, J. Lee, L. Kwok, & K. Leung
  "Content Engineering Agent: A TBL-Based E-Course Development Tool with TQM", Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 1(2), pp.57-71, Apr-June 2003.
• J. Yau, L. Hui, B. Cheung, S.M. Yiu, & V. Cheung
  "Cryptographic Schemes in Secure e-Course eXchange(eCX) for e-Course Workflow", in Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Infrastructure for e-Business, e-Education, e-Science, e-Medicine on the Internet (SSGRR 2002s), L'Aquila, Italy, July-Aug 2002.
• L.C.K Hui, X. Wang, K.P. Chow, W.W. Tsang, C.F. Chong, & H.W. Chan
  "The Differential Analysis of Reduced Skipjack Variants from the First Round", in Proceedings of the ChinaCrypt'2002 Conference, pp.77-87, Shandong, PRC, Aug 2002.
• L. Hui, K.P. Chow, K.H. Pun, W.W. Tsang, C.F. Chong, & H.W. Chan
  "Cyber Forensics", Company Secretary, Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 43-47, 2002.
• R. Lui & L.C.K. Hui
  "Flexible Authorizations in Workflow Management Systems", to appear in the International Conference on E-Business 2002 (ICEB2002), Beijing, China, May 2002.
• B. Cheung, L. Hui & S.M. Yiu
  "The Content Engineering Agent: From the TQM perspective", to appear in the World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications (Ed-Media 2002), Colorado, USA, June 2002.
• L.C.K. Hui, K.P. Chow, K.H. Pun, W.W. Tsang, H.W. Chan, & C.F. Chong
  "Design of a Cyber Forensic Tool" (invited paper), in Proceedings of the Transnational Organized Crime Conference 2002, March 2002.
• J. Yau, L. Hui, B. Cheung, & S.M. Yiu
  "An Online Course Material Copyright Protection Scheme", to appear in International Network Conference 2002 (INC 2002), UK, July 2002.
• J. Yau, L. Hui, B. Cheung, S.M. Yiu, & J. Lee
  "PowerEdBuilder - A Universal Secure e-Learning Infrastructure", in Proceedings of SSGRR 2002 International Conference on Advances in Infrastructure for e-Business, e-Education, e-Science, and E-Medicine on the Internet (SSRGG-2002W), L'Aquila, Italy, January 2002.
• L.C.K. Hui, K.P. Chow, W.W. Tsang, H.W. Chan, & C.F. Chong
  "What an Investigator Needs to Know about Encryption & Tracking Technologies" (invited paper), in Proceedings of the First Asia CryberCrime Summit, pp.219-225, April 25-26, 2001.
• J. Zhang, B.S.N. Cheung, & L.C.K. Hui
  "An Intelligent Tutoring System: Smart Tutor", in Proceedings of the World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications (ED-MEDIA 2001), Edited by C. Montgomerie and J. Viteli, June 25-30, 2001.
• Z.C. Li, L.C.K. Hui, K.P. Chow, C.F. Chong, W.W. Tsang, & H.W. Chan
  "Security of Wang et al.'s Group-oriented (t,n) Threshold Signature Schemes with Traceable Signers", Information Processing Letters, Vol. 80, pp. 295-298, 2001.
• Karl R.P.H. Leung, L.C.K. Hui, S.M. Yiu, & R.W.M. Tang
  "Modelling Web Navigation by Statechart", in Proceedings of the 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC 2000), pp. 41-47, October 2000.
• Karl R.P.H. Leung & L.C.K. Hui
  "Handling Signature Purposes in Workflow Systems", Journal of Systems and Software, Vol. 55, pp.245-259, 2001.
• Z.C. Li, L.C.K. Hui, K.P. Chow, C.F. Chong, W.W. Tsang, & H.W. Chan
  "Security of Tseng-Jan's Group Signature Schemes", Information Processing Letters, Vol. 75, No. 5, pp.187-189, 2000.
• Z.C. Li, L.C.K. Hui, K.P. Chow, C.F. Chong, W.W. Tsang, & H.W. Chan
  "Cryptanalysis of Harn's Digital Multisignature with Distinguished Signing Authorities", Electronic Letters, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp.314-315, 2000.
• X. Wang, L.C.K. Hui, K.P. Chow, W.W. Tsang, C.F. Chong, & H.W. Chan
  "Secure and Practical Tree-structure Signature Schemes Based on Discrete Logarithms", in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Practice and Theory in Public Key Cryptography (PKC2000), January 2000, Melbourne, Australia. Ed. by H. Imai and Y. Zheng, pp. 167-177, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1751, Springer-Verlag.
• Karl R.P.H. Leung & L.C.K. Hui
  "Multiple Signature Handling in Workflow Systems". In Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on Systems and Science 2000 (HICSS 2000), January 2000, Hawaii, USA. IEEE Computer Society Press.